it gets when the winter is coming

"Winter Is Coming"
Game of Thrones episode
Episode no.Season 1
Episode 1
Directed byTim Van Patten
Written by
  • David Benioff
  • D. B. Weiss
Featured musicRamin Djawadi
Cinematography byAlik Sakharov
Editing byOral Norrie Ottey
Original air dateApril 17, 2011
Running time61 minutes
Guest appearances
  • Donald Sumpter as Maester Luwin
  • Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel
  • Ron Donachie as Rodrik Cassel
  • Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark
  • Roger Allam as Magister Illyrio
  • Dar Salim as Qotho
  • Esmé Bianco as Ros
  • Susan Brown as Septa Mordane
  • Bronson Webb as Will
  • John Standing as Jon Arryn
  • Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce
  • Dermot Keaney as Gared
  • Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark
  • Callum Wharry as Tommen Baratheon
  • Aimee Richardson as Myrcella Baratheon
  • Kristian Nairn as Hodor
Episode chronology
← Previous
Next →
"The Kingsroad"
Game of Thrones (season 1)
List of episodes

"Winter Is Coming" is the series premiere of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The first episode of the first season, it was written by series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, in an adaptation of the first chapters of George R. R. Martin's book A trò chơi of Thrones. The episode was directed by Tim Van Patten, redoing the work done by director Tom McCarthy in an unaired pilot.

As the first episode of the series, it introduces the setting and the main characters of the show. The episode centers on the Stark family, and how Ned Stark gets involved in the court politics after the king chooses him to tướng replace his recently deceased chief administrator ("Hand of the King"). The episode received largely positive reviews, and was seen initially by 2.2 million viewers. A week before the episode first aired, HBO made the first 15 minutes available as an Internet preview.

Bạn đang xem: it gets when the winter is coming

The title of the episode is the motto (referred to tướng as "House Words" in-universe) of House Stark, which is spoken several times in the episode and the series.

Plot[edit]

Beyond the Wall[edit]

On the continent of Westeros, rangers of the Night's Watch scout the forest beyond the Wall, the massive ice barrier to tướng the north, and discover demonic White Walkers and wildlings turned to tướng undead wights. Will, the sole surviving ranger, flees South.

In King's Landing[edit]

Watching as the corpse of Jon Arryn, the Hand of the King, is tended to tướng, Jaime Lannister assures his twin sister, Queen Cersei Lannister, that if Arryn had spoken to tướng anyone about them, they would already have been executed.

In Pentos[edit]

Exiled prince Viserys Targaryen plots to tướng reclaim his father's throne from King Robert Baratheon, and brokers a marriage between his sister Daenerys and Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo. As wedding gifts, Daenerys is given books of the Seven Kingdoms from Ser Jorah Mormont, an exiled knight loyal to tướng the Targaryens, and three petrified dragon eggs from Magister Illyrio Mopatis, who helped arrange the marriage.

In the North[edit]

The Starks of Winterfell are introduced: Lord Eddard "Ned" Stark, his wife Lady Catelyn, their children – heir Robb, elder daughter Sansa, younger daughter Arya, ten-year-old son Bran, youngest son, Rickon, Ned's bastard son Jon Snow and ward Theon Greyjoy.

Ned takes his sons to tướng witness Will's execution for desertion. Ignoring Will's warning of the White Walkers, Ned beheads him, insisting Walkers are long extinct. The Starks find a dead stag, sigil of House Baratheon, and a dead direwolf, sigil of the Starks, whose pups are taken in by the children.

News arrives of the death of Lord Arryn, Eddard's friend and Catelyn's brother-in-law. Winterfell receives the royal court, including King Robert, his wife Queen Cersei, their children – heir Prince Joffrey, Princess Myrcella, and Prince Tommen – as well as the Queen’s twin brother Jaime, a thành viên of the Kingsguard, and his and Cersei's younger brother Tyrion Lannister, a dwarf known as "The Imp". Robert pays respects to tướng Lyanna Stark, his late fiancée and Ned's sister, appoints Ned the new Hand of the King, and suggests Sansa be betrothed to tướng Joffrey. Catelyn receives a message from her sister Lysa, Arryn's widow, who suspects her husband was murdered by the Lannisters. Ned reluctantly accepts the position of Hand of the King.

Bran climbs an abandoned tower, and discovers Cersei and Jaime having sex. To hide their incestuous and extramarital affair, Jaime shoves Bran out of the window.

Production[edit]

Conception and development[edit]

A number of Hollywood studios had contacted George R. R. Martin about possibly adapting his book series A Song of Ice and Fire into a film. However, Martin expressed the opinion the books could not be made into a film as too much would have to tướng be cut from the books, but thought it could be made into a television series.[1] In January 2006, David Benioff happened to tướng speak to tướng Martin's literary agent, and the agent sent the first four books of A Song of Ice and Fire to tướng David Benioff.[2] Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first book in the series, A trò chơi of Thrones,[3] called D. B. Weiss and said: "Maybe I'm crazy, but I haven't had this much fun reading anything in about trăng tròn years. So take a look because I think it might make a great HBO series."[4] Weiss, who then read the first book in two days, was very enthusiastic about a possible television project based on the books. They arranged a meeting with Martin, who asked them if they knew who Jon Snow's real mother might be, and was satisfied with their answer.[3]

In March 2006, a few weeks after meeting Martin, Benioff and Weiss pitched the show to tướng Showtime and then Carolyn Strauss of HBO, the latter of whom accepted their proposal.[3][5] HBO acquired the rights to tướng the novels to tướng turn them into a television series,[6] with Benioff and Weiss as writers and executive producers of the series. The series went into development in January 2007.[7] The series would begin with the first book from 1996, "A trò chơi of Thrones", with the intention that each novel in the series would size the basis for a season's worth of episodes.[7] However, Benioff and Weiss had to tướng resubmit a proposal after Carolyn Strauss stepped down as president of HBO in 2008.[8] The first and second drafts of the pilot script, written by Benioff and Weiss, were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008 respectively.[9] While HBO found both drafts to tướng their liking, a pilot was not ordered until November 2008.[10]

Writing[edit]

Series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss wrote the episode.

Scripted by the show creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, the first episode includes the plot of the book's chapters 1–9 and 12 (Prologue, Bran I, Catelyn I, Daenerys I, Eddard I, Jon I, Catelyn II, partial Arya I, Bran II, Daenerys II). Changes in the adaptation include the sequence of events in the prologue (in the books it is Gared and not Will who survives and is beheaded by Eddard afterwards, and Arya's material is mix before the arrival of the royal family), new scenes showing the Lannister twins' perspective, and Daenerys's wedding night showing Drogo not waiting for her to tướng consent to tướng sex.[11]

Filming[edit]

Sean Bean portrays Ned Stark in the series.

Tom McCarthy was chosen to tướng direct the pilot episode, shot between October 24 and November 19, 2009 on location in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Morocco.[12] However, the pilot was deemed unsatisfactory and had to tướng be reshot.

Xem thêm: tờ tự kiểm học sinh

The new first episode was filmed in 2010 by new director Tim Van Patten, and several actors appearing in the original pilot did not return for the series. Tamzin Merchant was replaced as Daenerys Targaryen by Emilia Clarke, and Jennifer Ehle was replaced as Catelyn Stark by Michelle Fairley.[13] Additionally, Ian McNeice was replaced as Magister Illyrio by Roger Allam,[14] Richard Ridings[15] as Gared by Dermot Keaney, and Jamie Campbell Bower[15] as Ser Waymar Royce by Rob Ostlere.[16]

Another difference is that the original pilot featured scenes shot in Scotland and scenes in Pentos were shot in Morocco,[17][18] but in the aired series, Winterfell was filmed in a combination of locations in Northern Ireland, while scenes from Pentos were from Malta.[19] The Doune Castle in Scotland was originally used to tướng recreate Winterfell, and its great hall was used for some interior shots. Some scenes survived, but as it was not practical to tướng return to tướng Scotland for the reshoot, an exact replica of Doune's great hall was recreated in the soundstage in Belfast for the series. Castle Ward in Northern Ireland was used in the reshoot to tướng film King Robert's entourage entry into Winterfell castle.[20] A xế hộp park stood in for the Winterfell castle's courtyard and a wine cellar for the Stark family crypt.[21] The Tollymore Forest Park was used for the opening scene of the encounter with the White Walkers.[22]

All the scenes shot in Morocco were reshot in Malta.[17] The original pilot reused the sets of Kingdom of Heaven in Morocco to tướng stand in for Pentos and the site of Drogo and Daenerys's wedding.[23] In Malta, the Verdala Palace, the 16th century summer palace of the president of Malta, was used for the exterior scenes at Illyrio's mansion. The Azure Window was used as the backdrop for the wedding.[24] Filming at the Azure Window, however, caused some controversy when a protected ecosystem was damaged by a subcontractor.[25]

In the sex scene from the pilot, the then-pregnant Lena Headey was substituted by a body toàn thân double.[26] In the scene in which the Starks encounter a stag killed by a dire wolf as they return from the execution, an actual animal was used rather than vãn a prop. As the stag had been dead for two days, it stank so sánh much that the actors had to tướng take much care not to tướng let it show on their faces.[27] Some scenes filmed were unaired, for example a flashback to tướng the deaths of Eddard Stark's brother and Jon Arryn.[28]

Original pilot[edit]

The original pilot from 2009 was poorly received in a private viewing with friends, one of whom, Craig Mazin, said to tướng Benioff and Weiss, "You guys have a massive problem", and said "change everything" when asked for ideas.[29] It was so sánh disliked that Kit Harington joked that when he annoys Benioff and Weiss, they threaten to tướng release the episode on YouTube.[30] Weiss said of the viewing: "Watching them watch the pilot was a deeply humiliating, painful experience, because these are very smart individuals, and it just clearly wasn’t working for any of them on a very basic level."[31][32] For example, it was never established that Jaime and Cersei Lannister were in fact brother and sister, a major plot point.[32]

HBO did not make a decision for four months after the pilot was delivered.[32] In March 2010, HBO's decision to tướng greenlight the series was announced,[33] with the production of the series scheduled to tướng start June 2010.[34] HBO however demanded the first episode be reshot, and wanted all the scenes from Morocco scrapped.[17] A cameo appearance by George R.R. Martin as a Pentoshi nobleman at Daenerys's wedding filmed in Morocco was therefore also cut.[35] Around 90 percent of the pilot was re-shot in 2010, with some cast changes and a different director.[31]

Aired episode[edit]

The original pilot remains unaired, although some footage from it was used in the first aired episode.[36] This includes Sansa's scenes with Catelyn (Michelle Fairley's footage as Catelyn was inserted over Jennifer Ehle's performance),[31] Will's ride through the woods (retained though also portrayed by a different actor), most of the feast at Winterfell, and Ned and Robert's scene in the crypt. That scene is one of a few to tướng be filmed on 35 milimet film, and consequently slight film grain can be seen in the HD version of the episode.[27]

Reception[edit]

Preview[edit]

On April 3, 2011, two weeks before the series premiere aired, the first 15 minutes of "Winter Is Coming" were released as a preview on HBO's trang web.[37] Wired's Dave Banks called the preview "much better than vãn anticipated."[38] Scott Stinson of Toronto's National Post noted that "you know you aren’t watching a network drama when there have been two beheadings in the first 15 minutes."[39]

Ratings[edit]

The first episode of Game of Thrones obtained 2.2 million viewers in its premiere airing, with an additional 2 million viewers in the reruns that aired during the same night. The day after the premiere HBO aired the episode six additional times, adding another 1.2 million to tướng the viewer's figures.[40] Reruns aired during the following week upped the total viewership to tướng 6.8 million.[41]

International[edit]

The show premiered on HBO Canada at the same time as its U.S. premiere.[39] On April 18, 2011, the show premiered in the United Kingdom and Ireland through Sky Atlantic, gathering 750,000 viewers, a ratings record for the network.[40] The series was broadcast throughout Latin America beginning on May 8, 2011.[42][43] New Zealand's Dominion Post noted in an article on copyright laws that the popular series was downloaded via tệp tin sharing service regularly before its release to tướng that market.[44] In nước Australia, the July 17 premiere of the series was largely overshadowed by the release of A Dance with Dragons, but according to tướng The Sydney Morning Herald was successful "especially with women, who aren't seen as a target market for sword-fighting sagas".[45]

Xem thêm: kim loại có nhiệt độ nóng chảy thấp nhất

Critical response[edit]

The critical response to tướng the first episode of the series was positive. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 15 reviews of the episode and judged 100% of them to tướng be positive with an average score of 8.5 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "'Winter is Coming' is an introduction to tướng a wonderfully bleak journey that honors its source material with stellar execution and an impressive cast."[46] James Poniewozik from Time considered it an "epic win",[47] and Jace Lacob from The Daily Beast deemed it "unforgettable".[48] HitFix's Alan Sepinwall wrote that while it was too early to tướng say if Game of Thrones belonged to tướng the HBO pantheon with shows lượt thích The Sopranos or The Wire, it had many things in common with those shows.[49] IGN's Matt Fowler wrote that the episode "effortlessly takes us along, faithfully, through the book, but it also manages to tướng capture the majestically morbid spirit of Martin's pages and turn them into thrilling television".[50]

Much praise was given to tướng the production values and the acting: Scott Meslow from The Atlantic states that "the show's immense cast is almost universally strong, and the fantasy land of Westeros feels lived-in, and looks terrific".[51] Alan Sepinwall also qualifies the casting as "really exceptional", and states that the show is "feast for the eyes", with all the different locations having their own memorable looks.[49] The opening sequence, with an aerial view of the world where the series takes place with the different settings emerging from it, was also acclaimed.[49][51]

On April 19, less than vãn two days after the initial airing, HBO announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.[52] In a press teleconference, HBO executives announced their satisfaction with initial ratings, which they compared favorably to tướng True Blood.[53]

Awards and nominations[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Davis, Cindy (March 12, 2012). "Mindhole Blowers: trăng tròn Facts About "Game of Thrones" That Might Leave You Crippled, a Bastard or a Broken Thing". Pajiba. Archived from the original on June 19, năm nhâm thìn.
  2. ^ Cogman, Bryan (November 6, 2014). Inside HBO's trò chơi of Thrones. Gollancz. ISBN 9781473210400.
  3. ^ a b c Mitchell, Elvis (May 8, 2013). UpClose: trò chơi of Thrones with David Benioff and D. B. Weiss (FULL LENGTH). KCRW. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
  4. ^ Windolf, Jim (April 2014). "The Gathering Storm". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on June 15, năm nhâm thìn.
  5. ^ Radish, Christina (March trăng tròn, 2013). "Producers David Benioff, Dan Weiss & George R.R. Martin Talk GAME OF THRONES Season 3 and 4, Martin's Cameo, the End of the Series, and More". Collider. Archived from the original on December 18, năm nhâm thìn.
  6. ^ Martin, George R.R. (April 9, 2010). "Winter Is Coming... Around the Globe". Not A Blog. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  7. ^ a b Fleming, Michael (January 16, 2007). "HBO turns Fire into fantasy series". Variety. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  8. ^ "The Surprising Connection Between trò chơi of Thrones and Monty Python". Vanity Fair. March 24, năm trước. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017.
  9. ^ Martin, George R. R. "Ice & Fire on HBO". Not a Blog. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  10. ^ Hibberd, James (November 11, 2008). "HBO orders fantasy pilot 'Thrones'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  11. ^ Garcia, Elio. "EP101: Winter is Coming". Westeros.org. Archived from the original on April 21, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  12. ^ Lacob, Jace (April 4, 2011). "Game of Thrones: 10 Secrets About HBO's Adaptation". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  13. ^ Ryan, Maureen (May 21, 2010). "Exclusive: 'Game of Thrones' recasts noble role". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  14. ^ Tonnel, Merwin (September 17, 2010). "Changement d'acteur pour Illyrio Mopatis". Archived from the original on December 14, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  15. ^ a b Martin, George R.R. (October trăng tròn, 2009). "Three for the Prologue". Not A Blog. Archived from the original on December 28, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  16. ^ "Winter Is Coming" at IMDb
  17. ^ a b c Itzkoff, Dave (April 8, 2010). "A Heroic Fantasy for Skeptics". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  18. ^ Martin, George R. R. "Magic in Morocco". Not a Blog. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  19. ^ "Interview with Harry Lloyd". Westeros.org. May 24, 2011. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  20. ^ Cogman, Bryan (November 6, 2014). "Chapter II: Winterfell". Inside HBO's trò chơi of Thrones. Gollancz. ASIN B00P187U0Y.
  21. ^ Jennings, Mike (February 2012). "46 things we learned from the trò chơi Of Thrones Blu-rays". Den of Geeks. Archived from the original on March 7, năm nhâm thìn.
  22. ^ Cogman, Bryan (November 6, 2014). "Chapter I: The Wall". Inside HBO's trò chơi of Thrones. Gollancz. ASIN B00P187U0Y.
  23. ^ "George R.R. Martin Talks Santa Fe, Interactive Art, and 'Game of Thrones'". National Geographic. April 21, năm nhâm thìn. Archived from the original on June 18, năm nhâm thìn.
  24. ^ McGloin, Catherine (April 18, 2016). "44 incredible trò chơi of Thrones locations". Skyscanner. Archived from the original on November 13, năm ngoái.
  25. ^ Peregin, Christian (November 17, 2010). "'Total elimination of ecosystem' at Dwejra". The Times (Malta). Archived from the original on March trăng tròn, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  26. ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (June 7, 2013). "Lena Headey on The Purge, trò chơi of Thrones Nudity, and Finding Peace in Horror Movies". Vulture. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  27. ^ a b Jennings, Mike (February 29, 2012). "46 things we learned from the trò chơi Of Thrones Blu-rays". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2012. Citing the extra material of the season 1 Blu-ray box mix.
  28. ^ Vincent, Alice (January 27, 2016). "Game of Thrones cut a 'lunatic' Jon Arryn death scene from pilot". Archived from the original on September 1, 2017.
  29. ^ "Scriptnotes, Ep 235: The one with Jason Bateman and the trò chơi of Thrones guys — Transcript". johnaugust.com. February 5, năm nhâm thìn. Archived from the original on March 2, năm nhâm thìn.
  30. ^ Nicholson, Rebecca (October 21, 2017). "'I'm not always going to tướng play swords and horses': Kit Harington on life after trò chơi Of Thrones". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
  31. ^ a b c Robinson, Joanna (February 3, 2016). "Game of Thrones Show-Runners Get Extremely Candid About Their Original "Piece of Sh—t" Pilot". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on June 15, năm nhâm thìn.
  32. ^ a b c Birnbaum, Debra (April 15, 2015). "'Game of Thrones' Creators: We Know How It's Going to tướng End". Variety. Archived from the original on August 25, năm nhâm thìn.
  33. ^ Hibberd, James (March 2, 2010). "HBO greenlights 'Game of Thrones'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  34. ^ Poniewozik, James (March 3, 2010). "HBO Picks Up Thrones, Places Bet on Dustin Hoffman". Time. Archived from the original on June 25, năm nhâm thìn.
  35. ^ Jackson, Matthew (December 17, 2012). "Why you'll never see the Thrones cameo George R.R. Martin filmed". Blastr. Archived from the original on June 28, năm nhâm thìn.
  36. ^ O'Neill, Phelim (April 19, 2011). "Game Of Thrones: don't believe the gripes". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
  37. ^ Hatzigiannis, Marielena (April 4, 2011). ""Game of Thrones" preview wows (VIDEO)". CBS News. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  38. ^ Banks, Dave (April 4, 2011). "10 Reasons Why You Should Watch trò chơi Of Thrones". Wired. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  39. ^ a b Stinson, Scott (April 14, 2011). "Game of Thrones is behead of the class". National Post. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  40. ^ a b Hibberd, James. "'Game of Thrones' premiere ratings are in". Inside TV. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
  41. ^ Hibberd, James. "'Game of Thrones' ratings steady for second episode". Inside TV. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  42. ^ "HBO renueva trò chơi of Thrones para una segunda temporada". La Tercera. April 19, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  43. ^ Gutiérrez Segura, Eduardo (May 8, 2011). "Game of thrones, una guerra sensual nó sangrienta". La Crónica de Hoy. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  44. ^ Torrie, Bronwyn (September 3, 2011). "Where you stand under new copyright law". Dominion Post. Retrieved January 10, 2012."Shows such as the much-talked about American epic fantasy trò chơi of Thrones become overnight sensations but, with the prospect of waiting years for it to tướng hit our TV screens, Kiwis tải về them in droves."
  45. ^ Birmingham, John (July 30, 2011). "Hit and Myth". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  46. ^ "Winter Is Coming". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  47. ^ Poniewozik, James (April 25, 2011). "Epic Win! HBO's Bloody, Bold trò chơi of Thrones". TIME. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
  48. ^ Lacob, Jace (April 4, 2011). "Where Wolves Prey: An Advance Review of HBO's Unforgettable trò chơi of Thrones". Televisionary. Archived from the original on April 7, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
  49. ^ a b c Sepinwall, Alan. "HBO's 'Game of Thrones' an epic, mature, well-crafted fantasy series". HitFix. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
  50. ^ Fowler, Matt. "Game of Thrones: "Winter is Coming" Review". IGN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
  51. ^ a b Meslow, Scott (April 18, 2011). "'Game of Thrones' Premiere: 'Winter Is Coming'". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
  52. ^ Martin, George R. R. (April 19, 2011). "Second Season!!!". Not A Blog. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  53. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (April 19, 2011). "HBO Orders a Second Season of 'Game of Thrones'". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 22, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  54. ^ a b "Game of Thrones". Emmys.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013.

External links[edit]

  • "Winter Is Coming" at HBO
  • "Winter Is Coming" at IMDb